Method for inhibiting cancer cell growth with a transplatin complex

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to platinum(II) thione complexes of formula (I) and to methods of treating cancer using these complexes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of Ser. No. 15/715,964, nowallowed, having a filing date of Sep. 26, 2017.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to platinum(II) complexes of heterocyclicthiones with anti-cancer activity and to methods of treating cancerusing these complexes.

Description of Related Art

The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventor(s), to the extent it is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description which may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentinvention.

Platinum anticancer compounds in clinical use such as, cisplatin,carboplatin and oxaliplatin generally exist as neutral molecules andcontain two fairly labile cis ligands, e.g., the two chloro groups incisplatin. The labile ligands are replaced by water through aquationreactions and the resulting cations form bifunctional adducts with DNA.See T. C. Johnstone, et al., Chem. Rev. 16 (2016) 3436-3486; N. JWheate, et al., Dalton Trans. 39 (2010) 8113-8127; J. J. Wilson, et al.,Chem. Rev. 14 (2014) 4470-4495; Y. Jung, et al., Chem. Rev. 107 (2007)1387-1407; D. Wong, et al., Nature Rev. Drug Disc. 4 (2005) 307-320; L.Kelland. Nat Rev Cancer. 7 (2004) 573-584; S. Dasari, et al., Eur. J.Pharmacol. 2014, 364-378; S. V. Zutphen, et al., Coord. Chem. Rev. 249(2005) 2845-2853; S. Ahmad, Chemistry & Biodiversity 7 (2010) 543-566;T. W. Hambley, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2711 (2001); E. R Jamieson,et al., Chemical Reviews. 99 (1999) 2467-2498; and S. Ahmad, et al.,Tran Metal Chem. 31 (2006) 1003-1016, each incorporated herein byreference in their entirety. The platinum(II) complexes having twolabile groups in a trans conformation, for example trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂](transplatin) or monofunctional platinum(II) complexes, such as[PtCl(dien)]Cl (dien=diethylenetriamine) or [Pt(NH₃)₃Cl]Cl wereineffective. See E. R Jamieson et al., Chemical Reviews. 99 (1999)2467-2498; S. Ahmad, et al., Tran Metal Chem. 31 (2006) 1003-1016; andK. S Lovejoy, et al, Dalton Trans (2009) 10651-10659, each incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety. But later studies have shown thatthe replacement of one (or both) amine ligand(s) of transplatin byaliphatic amines or heterocyclic ligands such as planar pyridine ornon-planar piperazine greatly enhances the cytotoxicity of such specieswith respect to their corresponding cis isomers and also to cisplatinparticularly, in cisplatin-resistant tumor cell lines. See J.Kasparkova, et al., J. Inorg. Biochem. 153 (2015) 206-210; J. M. Perez,et al., Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 35 (2000) 109-120; Natile, G., etal., Coord Chem Rev 216-217 (2001) 383-410; Y. Najajreh, et al., J. Med.Chem 45(2002) 5189-5195; S. M. Aris, et al., Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. (2009)1293-1302; C. Bartel, et al., J. Biol. Inorg Chem. 17 (2012) 465-74; andA. G Quiroga. J. Inorg. Biochem 114 (2012) 106-112, each incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

Like cis-platinum-amine complexes, DNA is also considered as thepotential cellular target for the antitumor derivatives of transplatin.However, the nature of Pt-DNA adducts is different for the two types ofcomplexes. Cisplatin and its analogues mainly form 1,2-intrastrandcross-links, while transplatin is not able to form 1,2-intrastrandcross-links, because of the steric hindrance of the two amine groups intrans position. Instead it mainly forms 1,3-interstrand cross-links.See, A. Eastman, et al., Biochemistry 26 (1987) 3303-3307, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. Transplatin may form1,3-intrastrand cross-links between two G residues, or between a G and aC residue, separated by at least one base. The enhancement of activitiesin trans complexes was connected mainly with their enhanced accumulationin tumor cells and efficiency to form in DNA a markedly higher amount ofmore distorting cross-links than transplatin, which forms in DNApreferentially less distorting and persisting monofunctional adducts.

Several structural studies of thione derivatives of transplatin havebeen reported, which describe a square-planar geometry around the metalcenter and the thione coordination in terminal S-bonded modes. SeeArpalahti, et al., Inorg. Chim. Acta 153 (1988) 51-55; A. N. Westra, etal., Acta Crystallogr. C60 (2004) m395-m398; J. Fang, et al., Inorg ChimActa 411 (2014) 5-10; Seerat-ur-Rehman, et al., Inorg Chem Commun, 36(2013) 68-71; and S. Ahmad, et al., Monatsch. Chem. (2016), eachincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. However, theantitumor properties of these complexes were not reported, although manyother transplatin analogues are known to exhibit anticancer activities.

The inventors disclose herein the synthesis, spectroscopic investigationand determination of anticancer properties of the platinum(II)heterocyclic thione complexes disclosed herein.

These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, andNMR (¹H & ¹³C) spectroscopy and their cytotoxic activity evaluatedagainst several different types of cancer cells including the MCF7(breast cancer), HCTIS5 (colon cancer) and A549 (lung carcinoma) celllines.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to platinum complexes of formula (I) and tomethods of treating cancer using these complexes. Formula (1) is:

Preferably, in a compound having the core structure of Formula (1), eachR¹ and R² is independently a hydrogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, apropyl group, or an iso-propyl group; a is 1, 2, or 3; and X is nitrate,fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or acetate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a view of the molecular structure of Complex 1 withatomic labelling. The displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50%probability level. Atoms not labelled are related by inversion symmetry.

FIG. 2 provides a view of the molecular structure of Complex 3 withatomic labelling. The displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50%probability level. Atoms not labelled are related by inversion symmetry.

FIG. 3 shows the crystal packing of Complex 1, viewed along the c axis.The N—H . . . O, N—H . . . N and C—H . . . O hydrogen bonds are shown asdashed lines and lead to the formation of a three-dimensional structure.

FIG. 4 show the crystal packing of Complex 3, viewed along the c axis.The N—H . . . O, N—H . . . N and C—H . . . O hydrogen bonds are shown asdashed lines and lead to the formation of a three-dimensional structure.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show effects of concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and0 μM of Complexes 1 to 9 on A-549 cell viability. A-549 is a widely usedadenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show effects of concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and0 μM of Complexes 1 to 9 on MCF-7 cell viability. MCF-7 is a widely usedepithelial cancer cell line derived from breast adenocarcinoma.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show effects of concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and0 μM of Complexes 1 to 9 on HCT-15 cell viability. HCT-15 is a widelyused colon cancer cell line derived from colon adenocarcinoma.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention is directed to platinum(II) complexes ofheterocyclic thiones (L) based on transplatin having the generalformula, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Thione)₂].2NO₃. Another aspect of the inventionis the use of these complexes as cytotoxic agents, especially againstcancer cells.

The inventors have successfully synthesized and then characterized thesecomplexes using elemental analysis, IR, and NMR (¹H & ¹³C) spectroscopy.

The crystal structures of two of them, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂].2NO₃(Complex 1) and trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Me₂Imt)₂].2NO₃ (Complex 3) weredetermined by x-ray crystallography. The structures of Complexes 1 and 3consist of trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂L₂]²⁺ complex ions and nitrate counter ions.The platinum atom in both the complex ions adopts a distorted squareplanar geometry.

The spectroscopic data indicated the coordination of thione ligands toplatinum(II).

The in vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds as well as of cisplatin andcarboplatin was investigated using MTT assay against three human cancercell lines, which were A549 (human lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breastcarcinoma) and HTC15 (human colon cancer). The in vitro cytotoxicity'sin several cases were comparable or even higher than cisplatin andcarboplatin. Crystal structures of two of the complexes,trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂].2NO₃ (Complex 1) andtrans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Me₂Imt)₂].2NO₃ (Complex 3) were also determined.

The present disclosure will be better understood with reference to thefollowing definitions:

As used herein, “compound” and “complex” are used interchangeably, andare intended to refer to a chemical entity, whether in the solid, liquidor gaseous phase, and whether in a crude mixture or purified andisolated.

“Platinum(II) heterocyclic thione complex” according to the inventioncomprises the chemical formula trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Thione)₂]·[counterions].Preferred counter ions for this complex are two nitrate (NO₃) groups.

The term “active ingredient”, as used herein, refers to an ingredient inthe composition that is biologically active, for example, theplatinum(II) thione complex disclosed herein, a salt thereof, a prodrugthereof, or a solvate thereof.

Cytotaxic Activity.

In one embodiment, the IC₅₀ of the platinum(II) thione complexes is in arange of 0.01-200 μM, 0.1-100 μM, 1-100 μM, 10-90 μM, 20-80 μM, 30-80μM, 40-80 μM, 50-80 μM, or 50-75 μM. These ranges include allintermediate subranges and values.

As used herein, the term “IC₅₀” refers to a concentration of aplatinum(II) thione complex, the salt thereof, the prodrug thereof, orthe solvate thereof, which causes the death of 50% of cancer orproliferating cells in 72 hours (3 days) such as the A549, MCF-7, orHTC15 cancer cell lines described herein. The IC₅₀ can be determined bystandard cell viability assays, such as, without limitation, ATP test,Calcein AM assay, clonogenic assay, ethidium homodimer assay, Evans blueassay, Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis/propidium iodide staining assay,flow cytometry assay, formazan-based assays (MTT, XTT), greenfluorescent protein assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay, methyl violetassay, propidium iodide assay, Resazurin assay, Trypan Blue assay andTUNEL assay. Preferably, a MTT assay and/or a Trypan Blue assay is used.

Biormarkers.

Alternatively to use of IC₅₀ values, efficacy of treatment with aplatinum(II) thione complex of the invention may be determined bymeasuring or detecting a change in one or cancer biomarkers, forexample, comparing quantity of biomarkers in a blood or tissue samplebefore and after a treatment.

A treatment may significantly decrease the concentration of a particularbiomarker, for example, by 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55,60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, or 100%, compared to a control orpre-treatment value. As used herein, the term “biomarker” refers to acharacteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as anindicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes orpharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkersinclude ER/PR, HER-2/neu for breast cancer, EGFR, KRAS, UGTIA1 forcolorectal cancer, EML4/ALK, EGFR, and KRAS for lung cancer as well asother biomarkers described and incorporated by reference tohttps://_en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_biomarkers (last accessed Aug. 11,2017). Cancer biomarkers are useful in determining the aggressiveness ofan identified cancer as well as its likelihood of responding to thetreatment. Examples of such prognostic biomarkers include, withoutlimitation, CA125, β2-microglobulin, and EBV DNA. A change or mutationin a biomarker may be detected with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)assay, DNA microarray, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification(MLPA), single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), heteroduplex analysis, andrestriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The procedures todetect the mutation are well-known to those of ordinary skill in theart. The concentration of the biomarker may be measured with an assay,for example an antibody-based method (e.g., an ELISA). As used herein,the term “antibody-based method” refers to any method with the use of anantibody including, but not limited to, enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunoprecipitation (IP), enzyme linkedimmunospot (ELISPOT), immunostaining, immunohistochemistry,immunocytochemistry, affinity chromatography, and the like. Preferably,an ELISA is used. The term “ELISA” refers to a method of detecting thepresence and concentration of a biomarker in a sample. There are severalvariants of ELISA, including, but not limited to, sandwich ELISA,competitive ELISA, indirect ELISA, ELISA reverse, and the like. TheELISA assay may be a singleplex assay or a multiplex assay, which refersto a type of assay that simultaneously measures multiple analytes in asingle run/cycle of the assay. Preferably, a sandwich ELISA is used. Theprotocol for measuring the concentration of the biomarker and/ordetecting the mutation in the biomarker is known to those of ordinaryskill, for example by performing the steps outlined in the commerciallyavailable assay kit sold by Sigma-Aldrich, Thermo Fisher Scientific, R &D Systems, ZeptoMetrix Inc., Cayman Inc., Abcam, Trevigen, DojindoMolecular Technologies, Biovision, and Enzo Life Sciences. The term“sample” includes any biological sample taken from the subject includinga cell, tissue sample, or body fluid. For example, a sample may includea skin sample, a cheek cell sample, saliva, or blood cells. A sample caninclude, without limitation, a single cell, multiple cells, fragments ofcells, an aliquot of a body fluid, whole blood, platelets, serum,plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, endothelial cells, tissuebiopsies, synovial fluid, and lymphatic fluid. In some embodiments, thesample is taken from a tumor. In some embodiments, the concentration ofthe biomarker is measured before and after the administration. When theconcentration of the biomarker is maintained, the method may furthercomprise increasing the effective amount of at least one of theplatinum(II) thione complex of the invention, the salt thereof, thesolvate thereof, the prodrug thereof, and the combination thereof by atleast 5%, at least 10%, or at least 30%, up to 50%, up to 60%, or up to80% of an initial effective amount that is in a range of 1-100 mg/kgbased on the weight of the subject. The increased effective amount maybe in a range of 1.05-180 mg/kg, preferably 15-140 mg/kg, morepreferably 25-90 mg/kg. The subject may be administered with theincreased dosage for a longer period (e.g. 1 week more, 2 weeks more, or2 months more) than the duration with the initial effective amount. Insome embodiments, the mutation in the biomarker is detected beforeadministrating the composition to identify subjects predisposed to thedisease. For example, women with a BRCA1 germline mutation are at ahigher risk of contracting ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, thebiomarkers are measured/detected after each administration. For example,the measurement may be 1-5 minutes, 1-30 minutes, 30-60 minutes, 1-2hours, 2-12 hours, 12-24 hours, 1-2 days, 1-15 weeks, 15-20 weeks, 20-30weeks, 30-40 weeks, 40-50 weeks, 1 year, 2 years, or any period of timein between after the administration.

The term “counter-anion” refers to an anion, preferably apharmaceutically acceptable anion, that is associated with a positivelycharged platinum(II) complex. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceuticallycounter-anions include nitrate, halides such as fluoride, chloride,bromide, iodide; nitrate; sulfate; phosphate; amide; methanesulfonate;ethanesulfonate; p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, malate, maleate,succinate, tartrate; citrate; acetate; perchlorate;trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate); acetylacetonate;hexafluorophosphate; and hexafluoroacetylacetonate. Use of NO₃ as acounterion makes the Pt(II) complex soluble in water, which is notpossible for cisplatin or transplatin.

“Thiones” also known as thioketones or thiocarbonyls are organosulfurcompounds related to conventional ketones. The thiones in the complexesof the invention are heterocyclic thiones. Preferred heterocyclicthiones include those having structures (a)-(g), (h) and (i):

wherein thiones (a) through (i) comprise the following substituents:

(a) R═R′ ═H; Imidazolidine-2-thione (Imt),

(b) R═H, R′ ═CH₃; N-methylimidazolidine-2-thione (MeImt),

(c) R═CH₃, R′ ═CH₃; N,N^(/)-dimethylimidazolidine-2-thione (Me₂Imt),

(d) R═R′═C₂H₅; N,N^(/)-diethylimidazolidine-2-thione (Et₂Imt),

(e) R═H, R′ ═C₃H₇; N-propylimidazolidine-2-thione (PrImt),

(f) R═H, R′=i-C₃H₇; N-(isopropyl)imidazolidine-2-thione (i-PrImt),

(g) R═R′=i-C₃H₇; N,N^(/)-(di-isopropyl)imidazolidine-2-thione (iPr₂Imt),

(h) R═C₂H₅; N-ethyl-1,3-Diazinane-2-thione (EtDiaz),

(i) 1,3-Diazepane-2-thione (Diap).

In some embodiments, other heterocyclic thiones, for example, those withonly hydrogen on the nitrogen ring atoms, or those with othernon-hydrogen substituents on the nitrogen or carbon ring atoms may alsobe used. In most embodiments, the thione rings in each complex areidentical, however, some embodiments may contain different thione rings,for example, having different ring sizes or different substituents.

“Other substituents” that may appear on the heterothione rings include,but are not limited those defined below.

The term “alkyl”, as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers toa straight or branched hydrocarbon fragment such as a C₁-C₆ group.Non-limiting examples of such hydrocarbon fragments include methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl,neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, and2,3-dimethylbutyl. As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to acyclized alkyl group. Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are notlimited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl,and adamantyl. Branched cycloalkyl groups, for example,1-methylcyclopropyl and 2-methylcyclopropyl groups, are included in thedefinition of cycloalkyl as used in the present disclosure. The term“alkenyl” refers to a straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon fragmentcontaining at least one C═C double bond. Exemplary alkenyl groupsinclude, without limitation, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (or “allyl”),1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl,4-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl,1-heptenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 5-heptenyl, 6-heptenyl,1-octenyl, 2-octenyl, 3-octenyl, 4-octenyl, 5-octenyl, 6-octenyl,7-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-nonenyl, 5-nonenyl,6-nonenyl, 7-nonenyl, 8-nonenyl, 1-decenyl, 2-decenyl, 3-decenyl,4-decenyl, 5-decenyl, 6-decenyl, 7-decenyl, 8-decenyl, and 9-decenyl.The term “aryl”, as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refersto phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like. The term“heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group where at least one carbon atom isreplaced with a heteroatom (e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur) and can beindolyl, furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl,thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl,pyridyl (or its N-oxide), thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide),IH-indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide), or quinolyl (or its N-oxide),for example. As used herein, the term “substituted” refers to at leastone hydrogen atom that is replaced with a non-hydrogen group, providedthat normal valencies are maintained and that the substitution resultsin a stable compound. When a compound or a R group is noted as“optionally substituted”, the substituents are selected from theexemplary group including, but not limited to, aroyl (as definedhereinafter); halogen (e.g. chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine);alkoxy (i.e. straight or branched chain alkoxy having 1 to 10 carbonatoms, and includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy,butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy,hexyloxy, heptyloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, and decyloxy); cycloalkyloxyincluding cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and cycloheptyloxy; aryloxyincluding phenoxy and phenoxy substituted with halogen, alkyl, alkoxy,and haloalkyl (which refers to straight or branched chain alkyl having 1to 8 carbon atoms which are substituted by at least one halogen, andincludes, for example, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, fluoromethyl,iodomethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-chloropropyl,3-bromopropyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 4-fluorobutyl,dichloromethyl, dibromomethyl, difluoromethyl, diiodomethyl,2,2-dichloroethyl, 2,2-dibromoethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl,3,3-dichloropropyl, 3,3-difluoropropyl, 4,4-dichlorobutyl,4,4-difluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-tri-fluoroethyl, 2,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl,2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl); hydrocarbyl; arylalkyl; hydroxy; alkoxy;oxo; alkanoyl; alkanoyloxy; amino; alkylamino; arylamino;arylalkylamino; disubstituted amines (e.g. in which the two aminosubstituents are selected from the exemplary group including, but notlimited to, alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl); alkanoylamino; thiol; alkylthio;arylthio; arylalkylthio; alkylthiono; arylthiono; aryalkylthiono;alkylsulfonyl; arylsulfonyl; arylalkylsulfonyl; sulfonamido (e.g.,—SO₂NH₂); substituted sulfonamide; nitro; cyano; carboxy; carbamyl(e.g., —CONH₂, —CONHalkyl, —CONHaryl, —CONHarylalkyl or cases wherethere are two substituents on one nitrogen from alkyl, aryl, orarylalkyl); alkoxycarbonyl; aryl; heteroarylcarbonyl; heterocyclyl; andmixtures thereof and the like. The substituents may be eitherunprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in theart, for example, as taught in Greene, et al., “Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons, Second Edition, 1991, herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety). The term “heterocyclyl” asused in this disclosure refers to a 3-8, preferably 4-8, more preferably4-7 membered monocyclic ring or a fused 8-12 membered bicyclic ringwhich may be saturated or partially unsaturated, which monocyclic orbicyclic ring contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen,nitrogen, silicon, or sulfur. Examples of such monocyclic rings includeoxaziridinyl, homopiperazinyl, oxiranyl, dioxiranyl, aziridinyl,pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, hydantoinyl,valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, oxathiolanyl,oxathianyl, dithianyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridyl,tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl,diazepanyl, and azepanyl. Examples of such bicyclic rings includeindolinyl, isoindolinyl, benzopyranyl, quinuclidinyl,2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,3,benzazepine,4-(benzo-1,3,dioxol-5-methyl)piperazine, and tetrahydroisoquinolinyl.Further, “substituted heterocyclyl” may refer to a heterocyclyl ringwhich has additional (e.g. one or more) oxygen atoms bonded to the ringatoms of parent heterocylcyl ring. An example of a heterocyclylsubstituted with one or more oxygen atoms is1,1-dioxido-1,3-thiazolidinyl. The term “alkylthio” as used in thisdisclosure refers to a divalent sulfur with alkyl occupying one of thevalencies and includes the groups methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio,butylthio, pentylthio, hexylthio, and octylthio. The term “alkanoyl” asused in this disclosure refers to an alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbonatoms that is bound with a double bond to an oxygen atom. Examples ofalkanoyl include, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, pivaloyl,valeryl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, lauroyl, and stearoyl. Examples of aroylare benzoyl and naphthoyl, and “substituted aroyl” may refer to benzoylor naphthoyl substituted by at least one substituent including thoseselected from halogen, amino, nitro, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy andhaloalkyl on the benzene or naphthalene ring. The term “arylalkyl” asused in this disclosure refers to a straight or branched chain alkylmoiety having 1 to 8 carbon atoms that is substituted by an aryl groupor a substituted aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and includesbenzyl, 2-phenethyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl,2,4-dimethylbenzyl, 2-(4-ethylphenyl)ethyl, 3-(3-propylphenyl)propyl.The term “heteroarylcarbonyl” as used in this disclosure refers to aheteroaryl moiety with 5 to 10 membered mono- or fused-heteroaromaticring having at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur as mentioned above, and includes, for example, furoyl,nicotinoyl, isonicotinoyl, pyrazolylcarbonyl, imidazolylcarbonyl,pyrimidinylcarbonyl, and benzimidazolyl-carbonyl. Further, “substitutedheteroarylcarbonyl” may refer to the above mentioned heteroarylcarbonylwhich is substituted by at least one substituent selected from halogen,amino, vitro, hydroxy, alkoxy and haloalkyl on the heteroaryl nucleus,and includes, for example, 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl,2-oxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl. “Vinyl” refers to an unsaturated substituenthaving at least one unsaturated double bond and having the formulaCH2═CH—. Accordingly, said “substituted vinyl” may refer to the abovevinyl substituent having at least one of the protons on the terminalcarbon atom replaced with alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl. The term“hydrocarbyl” as used herein refers to a univalent hydrocarbon groupcontaining up to about 24 carbon atoms (i.e. a group containing onlycarbon and hydrogen atoms) and that is devoid of olefinic and acetylenicunsaturation, and includes alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl-substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl,alkyl-substituted aryl, cycloalkyl-substituted aryl, arylalkyl,alkyl-substituted aralkyl, and cycloalkyl-substituted aralkyl. Further,functionally-substituted hydrocarbyl groups may refer to a hydrocarbylgroup that is substituted by one or more functional groups selected fromhalogen atoms, amino, nitro, hydroxy, hydrocarbyloxy (including alkoxy,cycloalkyloxy, and aryloxy), hydrocarbylthio (including alkylthio,cycloalkylthio, and arylthio), heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,alkanoyl, aroyl, substituted aroyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, and substitutedheteroarylcarbonyl.

Compositions.

In most embodiments, the platinum(II) thione complex of the invention,the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, the prodrug thereof, or thecombination thereof is formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptablecomposition. As used herein, a “composition” refers to a mixture of theactive ingredient with other chemical components, such aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients. One purpose of acomposition is to facilitate administration of the platinum(II) thionecomplex of the invention, the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, theprodrug thereof, or a combination thereof to a subject. Depending on theintended mode of administration (oral, parenteral, or topical), thecomposition can be in the form of solid, semi-solid or liquid dosageforms, such as tablets, suppositories, pills, capsules, powders,liquids, or suspensions, preferably in unit dosage form suitable forsingle administration of a precise dosage. The phrase “pharmaceuticallyacceptable” as used herein refers to compounds, counterions, materials,compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of soundmedical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humanbeings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergicresponse, or other problem or complication, commensurate with areasonable benefit/risk ratio. Therefore, the composition refers to thecombination of an active ingredient with a carrier, inert or active,making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeuticuse in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to acarrier or diluent that does not cause significant irritation to anorganism, does not abrogate the biological activity and properties ofthe administered active ingredient, and/or does not interact in adeleterious manner with the other components of the composition in whichit is contained. The term “carrier” encompasses any excipient, binder,diluent, filler, salt, buffer, solubilizer, lipid, stabilizer, or othermaterial well known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations.The choice of a carrier for use in a composition will depend upon theintended route of administration for the composition. The preparation ofpharmaceutically acceptable carriers and formulations containing thesematerials is described in, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,21st Edition, ed. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia,Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Pa., 2005, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Examples ofphysiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphatebuffers, citrate buffer, and buffers with other organic acids;antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less thanabout 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin,gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, andother carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelatingagents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol;salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactantssuch as TWEEN® (ICI, Inc.; Bridgewater, N.J.), polyethylene glycol(PEG), and PLURONICS® (BASF; Florham Park, N.J.). An “excipient” refersto an inert substance added to a composition to further facilitateadministration of a compound. Examples, without limitation, ofexcipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugarsand types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, andpolyethylene glycols.

In other embodiments, the composition has various release rates (e.g.controlled release or immediate release). Immediate release refers tothe release of an active ingredient substantially immediately uponadministration. In another embodiment, immediate release occurs whenthere is dissolution of an active ingredient within 1-20 minutes afteradministration. Dissolution can be of all or less than all (e.g. about70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%,about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about99%, about 99.5%, 99.9%, or 99.99%) of the active ingredient. In anotherembodiment, immediate release results in complete or less than completedissolution within about 1 hour following administration. Dissolutioncan be in a subject's stomach and/or intestine. In one embodiment,immediate release results in dissolution of an active ingredient within1-20 minutes after entering the stomach. For example, dissolution of100% of an active ingredient can occur in the prescribed time. Inanother embodiment, immediate release results in complete or less thancomplete dissolution within about 1 hour following rectaladministration. In some embodiments, immediate release is throughinhalation, such that dissolution occurs in a subject's lungs.

Controlled-release, or sustained-release, refers to the release of anactive ingredient from a composition or dosage form in which the activeingredient is released over an extended period of time. In oneembodiment, controlled-release results in dissolution of an activeingredient within 20-180 minutes after entering the stomach. In anotherembodiment, controlled-release occurs when there is dissolution of anactive ingredient within 20-180 minutes after being swallowed. Inanother embodiment, controlled-release occurs when there is dissolutionof an active ingredient within 20-180 minutes after entering theintestine. In another embodiment, controlled-release results insubstantially complete dissolution after at least 1 hour followingadministration. In another embodiment, controlled-release results insubstantially complete dissolution after at least 1 hour following oraladministration. In another embodiment, controlled-release results insubstantially complete dissolution after at least 1 hour followingrectal administration. In one embodiment, the composition is not acontrolled-release composition.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration can include capsules,tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, theactive ingredient is ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvantsappropriate to the indicated route of administration. If administeredper os, the active ingredient can be admixed with lactose, sucrose,starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkylesters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodiumand calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum,sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, andthen tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Suchcapsules or tablets can contain a controlled-release formulation as canbe provided in a dispersion of active compound in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage formscan also comprise buffering ingredients such as sodium citrate,magnesium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate. Tablets and pills canadditionally be prepared with enteric coatings.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirscontaining inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water. Suchcompositions can also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting ingredients,emulsifying and suspending ingredients, and sweetening, flavoring, andperfuming ingredients.

For therapeutic purposes, formulations for parenteral administration canbe in the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonic sterile injectionsolutions or suspensions. The term “parenteral”, as used herein,includes intravenous, intravesical, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous,intramuscular, intralesional, intracranial, intrapulmonal, intracardial,intrasternal, and sublingual injections, or infusion techniques. Thesesolutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders orgranules having one or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned foruse in the formulations for oral administration. The active ingredientcan be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol,ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzylalcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants andmodes of administration are well and widely known in the pharmaceuticalart.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing or wetting ingredients and suspendingingredients. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterileinjectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptablediluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Amongthe acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water,Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employedincluding synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids,such as oleic acid, find use in the preparation of injectables. Dimethylacetamide, surfactants including ionic and non-ionic detergents,polyethylene glycols can be used. Mixtures of solvents and wettingingredients such as those discussed above are also useful.

Suppositories for rectal administration can be prepared by mixing theactive ingredient with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such ascocoa butter, synthetic mono-, di-, or triglycerides, fatty acids, andpolyethylene glycols that are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquidat the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum andrelease the drug.

Topical administration can also involve the use of transdermaladministration such as transdermal patches or iontophoresis devices.Formulation of drugs is discussed in, for example, Hoover, John E.,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.,1975. Another example of includes Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds.,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980, whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Other Active Ingredients.

In some embodiments, other active ingredients in addition to theplatinum(II) thione complex may be incorporated into a composition orseparately administered in conjunction with a platinum(II) thionecomplex. In one embodiment, the composition is used for treating cancerand further comprises a second active ingredient, such as achemotherapeutic agent, for the treatment or prevention of neoplasm, oftumor or cancer cell division, growth, proliferation and/or metastasisin the subject; induction of death or apoptosis of tumor and/or cancercells; and/or any other form of proliferative disorder. Exemplarychemotherapeutic agents include, without limitation, aflibercept,asparaginase, bleomycin, busulfan, carmustine, chlorambucil, cladribine,cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, daunorubicin, doxorubicin,etoposide, fludarabine, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin,ifosfamide, irinotecan, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan,mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, pentostatin,procarbazine, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, retinoic acid,oxaliplatin, carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil, teniposide, amasacrine,docetaxel, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, bortezomib, clofarabine,capecitabine, actinomycin D, epirubicin, vindesine, methotrexate,6-thioguanine, tipifarnib, imatinib, erlotinib, sorafenib, sunitinib,dasatinib, nilotinib, lapatinib, gefitinib, temsirolimus, everolimus,rapamycin, bosutinib, pzopanib, axitinib, neratinib, vatalanib,pazopanib, midostaurin, enzastaurin, trastuzumab, cetuximab,panitumumab, rituximab, bevacizumab, mapatumumab, conatumumab, andlexatumumab. The composition may comprise 0.1-50 wt % of the secondactive ingredient, preferably 10-40 wt %, more preferably 10-20 wt %,relative to the weight of the first active ingredient.

Subjects.

The terms “patient”, “subject”, and “individual” are usedinterchangeably. As used herein, they refer to individuals sufferingfrom a disease, at risk of further progression of a disease, or at riskof acquiring or developing the disease. None of the terms require thatthe individual be under the care and/or supervision of a medicalprofessional.

These terms generally refer to humans, but also apply to mammals, aviansand other animals especially domesticated or ecologically orcommercially valuable animals. Mammals include non-human primates, suchas chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species, farm animals, such ascattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, domestic animals, such as rabbits,dogs, and cats, laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, miceand guinea pigs, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the subject isa human.

A “subject in need of treatment” includes a subject already with thedisease, a subject which does not yet experience or exhibit symptoms ofthe disease, and a subject predisposed to the disease. In preferredembodiments, the subject is a person who is predisposed to cancer, e.g.a person with a family history of cancer. In another embodiment, thesubject refers to a cancer patient who has been previouslyadministered/treated with cisplatin and have cisplatin resistance (forexample in the form of high ERCC 1 mRNA levels, overexpression ofHER-2/neu, activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway, loss of p53 function,and/or overexpression of antiapoptotic bcl-2).

Cancers/Proliferative Disorders.

Cancers such as, but not limited to sarcomas, carcinomas, melanomas,myelomas, gliomas and lymphoma (including Hodkin lymphoma), can betreated or prevented with the platinum(IH) thione complexes providedherein.

In some embodiments, methods incorporating the use a platinum(II) thionecomplex of the present disclosure to treat or prevent cancer of theblood, brain, bladder, lung, cervix, ovary, colon, rectum, pancreas,skin, prostate gland, stomach, breast, liver, spleen, kidney, head,neck, testicle, bone, bone marrow, thyroid gland or central nervoussystem. In some embodiments, these methods are effective in thetreatment or prevention of cervical, colon and lung cancers. Cancers ortumor resistant to other anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin-resistantcancers, may be treated. In treating certain cancers, the best approachis often a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy.Therefore, in at least one embodiment, the composition is employed inconjunction with conventional radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Inanother embodiment, the composition is employed with surgery. Theradiotherapy and/or surgery may be before or after the composition isadministered.

Other non-cancerous proliferative diseases, disorders or conditions mayalso be treated, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, cirrhosis of theliver, or benign proliferative conditions such as verruca (warts),dermatitis, or other disorders characterized by epidermal cellproliferation.

Therapy.

As used herein, the terms “therapies” and “therapy” can refer to anymethod, composition, and/or active ingredient that can be used in thetreatment and/or management of the disease or one or more symptomsthereof. In some embodiments, the method for treating the diseaseinvolves the administration of a unit dosage or a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the active ingredient to a subject in need thereof.

Administration.

The terms “administer”, “administering”, “administration”, and the like,as used herein, refer to the methods that may be used to enable deliveryof the active ingredient and/or the composition to the desired site ofbiological action. Routes or modes of administration are as set forthherein. These methods include, but are not limited to, oral routes,intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection including intravenous,subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular, orinfusion, topical and rectal administration. Those of ordinary skill inthe art are familiar with administration techniques that can be employedwith the compounds and methods described herein. In preferredembodiments, the active ingredient and/or the composition describedherein are administered orally.

The terms “effective amount”, “therapeutically effective amount”, or“pharmaceutically effective amount” refer to that amount of the activeingredient being administered which will relieve to some extent one ormore of the symptoms of the disease being treated. The result can bereduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of adisease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. Forexample, an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of theplatinum(H) thione complex of the invention, the salt thereof, thesolvate thereof, the prodrug thereof, or a combination thereof asdisclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decreasein a disease. An appropriate “effective amount” may differ from oneindividual to another. An appropriate “effective amount” in anyindividual case may be determined using techniques, such as a doseescalation study.

The dosage and treatment duration are dependent on factors, such asbioavailability of a drug, administration mode, toxicity of a drug,gender, age, lifestyle, body weight, the use of other drugs and dietarysupplements, the disease stage, or tolerance and resistance of the bodyto the administered drug, and then determined and adjusted accordingly.In at least one embodiment, the at least one of the platinum(II) thionecomplex of the invention, the salt thereof, the solvate thereof, theprodrug thereof, and the combination thereof is administered in aneffective amount in a range of 1-100 mg/kg based on the weight of thesubject, preferably 10-80 mg/kg, more preferably 20-50 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, a treatment will involve administering acomposition comprising at least 0.5 wt %, 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 20wt %, 25 wt %, 30 wt %, 35 wt %, 40 wt %, 45 wt %, 50 wt %, 55 wt %, 60wt %, 65 wt %, 70 wt %, 75 wt %, 80 wt %, 85 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, 99wt %, or 99.9 wt %, of the platinum(II) thione complex of the invention.The composition may comprise 0.01-50 μM, 0.01-30 μM, preferably 0.01-10μM of the platinum(II) thione complex of the invention relative to thetotal composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises up to0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 5 wt %, or 10 wt % of the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt of the platinum(II) thione complex of the invention. In someembodiments, the composition comprises up to 0.1 wt %, 1 wt %, 5 wt %,or 10 wt % of the pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof of eitherthe platinum(II) thione complex of the invention. These ranges includeall intermediate subranges and values.

A treatment method may comprise administering a composition containingthe platinum(II) thione complex of the invention as a single dose ormultiple individual divided doses. In some embodiments, the compositionis administered at various dosages (e.g., a first dose with an effectiveamount of 50 mg/kg and a second dose with an effective amount of 10mg/kg). In some embodiments, the interval of time between theadministration of the composition and the administration of one or moreadditional therapies may be about 1-5 minutes, 1-30 minutes, 30 minutesto 60 minutes, 1 hour, 1-2 hours, 2-6 hours, 2-12 hours, 12-24 hours,1-2 days, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 1 week, 2weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10weeks, 15 weeks, 20 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks, 11-15 weeks, 15-20 weeks,20-30 weeks, 30-40 weeks, 40-50 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11months, 12 months, 1 year, 2 years, or any period of time in between.Preferably, the composition is administered once daily for at least 2days, 5 days, 6 days, or 7 days. In certain embodiments, the compositionand one or more additional therapies are administered less than 1 day, 1week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, one month, 2 months, 3 months, 6months, 1 year, 2 years, or 5 years apart.

EMBODIMENTS

The following examples illustrate various aspects of the presentinvention. They are not to be construed to limit the claims in anymanner whatsoever. Nonlimiting embodiments of the invention include amethod for inhibiting cell growth, proliferation, or viability bycontacting a cell or tissue with a platinum(II) thione complex accordingto the invention, such as that depicted by Formula (1):

wherein R¹ and R² are each, independently, a hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkylgroup, a is 1, 2 or 3; and

X is nitrate, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or acetate. Thismethod may be practiced by administering at least one of Complexes 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. One or more platinum(II) thione complexes of theinvention may be administered to a subject in need of inhibition ofcellular proliferation, such as inhibition of growth of tumor,cancerous, or neoplastic tissue or inhibition of benign hyperplasias.Exemplary subjects for treatment include those with breast, colon orlung cancer. The platinum(II) thione complexes of the invention may beadministered based on the nature of the subject treated and disease ordisorder treatment. For example, they may be administered orally,parenterally, including intradermally, intramuscularly, intravenously,rectally, or by inhalation, topically or by other known modes ofadministration. They may be administered directly into a tumor or into asite infiltrated by cancer cells. In some embodiments the platinum(II)thione complex is administered along with a radiation treatment,surgical treatment, and/or another chemotherapeutic treatment.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a platinum(II) thionecomplex represented by Formula (1):

wherein R¹ and R² are each, independently, a hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkylgroup, a is 1, 2 or 3; and X is nitrate, fluoride, chloride, bromide,iodide, or acetate. Specific embodiments of this complex include thosewhere a is one and the thione rings have 5 ring atoms, where a is twoand the thione rings have six ring atoms, or where a is three and thethione rings have seven ring atoms. Specific and exemplified embodimentsof this complex are described by Complexes 1 to 9. In some embodiments,one of more of the R¹ or R² is not hydrogen, for example, when a is 2 or3, at least one of R¹ or R² may be C₁-C₆ alkyl and/or X is nitrate.

Example 1 Synthesis of Platinum(II) Thione Complexes

Transplatin (trans-diamminedichloidoplatinum(II)) was obtained fromStrem Chemical Company, USA. Dimethylsulfoxide-d₆ and D₂O were purchasedfrom Fluka Chemical Co. The thione ligands were prepared according tothe procedure mentioned in the literature [27, 28].(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellowtetrazole) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo., USA.

Trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂].2NO₃ c Complex 1 through Complex 9 weresynthesized using the following general steps. All the compounds wereprepared by adding (0.17 g, 1.0 mmol) of AgNO₃ to the solutionscontaining (0.15 g, 0.5 mmol) of trans-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)(transplatin) in 10 mL water and stirring the mixture for 2 hours in thedark at room temperature. The solution was filtered to remove silverchloride as solid. Then 1.0 mmol of thione ligand dissolved in 10 mLmethanol were added to the filtrates drop wise. Mixing and stirring ofthe solutions resulted in a colored solution. The solution was filteredand kept at room temperature. Solid powder was obtained on slowevaporation of the solvent. The complexes, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂](NO₃)₂and trans-[Pt(NH)(Me₂Imt)₂](NO₃)₂ were crystallized from a 1:1 mixtureof water and methanol. Purity of the product was assessed throughelemental analysis of C, H, N, and S. The CHNS data,melting/decomposition points, and % yield of the synthesized complexesare presented below:

Complex 1. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂]. 2NO₃: M. p. 156-158° C., Yield was:0.256 g, 92%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 12.93%, H: 3.25%, N:20.10, S: 11.50%, Found: C: 12.23%, H: 3.28%, N: 20.89%, S: 11.75%]. IR:ν_(max)=3310 (s), 1042 (s), 501 (s), 836 (s), 272 (s).

Complex 2. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(MeImt)₂]. 2NO₃: M.p. 140-142° C., Yield was:0.234 g, 80%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 16.41%, H: 3.79%, N:19.14, S: 10.95%, Found: C: 16.28%, H: 3.63%, N: 19.52%, S: 10.76%]. IR:ν_(max)=3528 (s), 1112 (s), 837 (s), 503 (s), 274 (s).

Complex 3. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Me₂Imt)₂]. 2NO₃: M.p. 130-132° C., Yield was:0.2488, 81%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 19.57%, H: 4.27%, N: 18.16,S: 10.45%, Found: C: 19.22%, H: 4.25%, N: 18.87%, S: 10.57%]. IR:ν_(max)=1118 (s), 825 (s), 491 (s), 265 (s).

Complex 4. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Et₂Imt)₂]. 2NO₃: M.p. 124-126° C., Yield:0.224 g, 67%. C, H, N, and S %. [Calculated C: 25.11%, H: 5.12%, N:16.73, S: 9.58%, Found: C: 25.38%, H: 5.23%, N: 16.75%, S: 9.72%]. IR:ν_(max)=1065 (s), 826 (s), 502 (s), 284 (s).

Complex 5. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(PrImt)₂]. 2NO₃: M.p. 106-108° C., Yield was:0.247 g, 77%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 22.46%, H: 4.71%, N:17.48, S: 9.99%, Found: C: 22.87%, H: 4.83%, N: 17.21%, S: 10.05%]. IR:ν_(max)=3373 (s), 1033 (s), 824 (s), 503 (s), 282 (s).

Complex 6. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(iPrImt)₂]. 2NO₃: M. p. 83-85° C., Yield was:0.234 g, 73%. C, H, N, and S % [calculated C: 22.46%, H: 4.71%, N:17.48, S: 9.99%, Found: C: 21.98%, H: 4.49%, N: 17.38%, S: 9.48%]. IR:ν_(max)=3566 (s), 1064 (s), 867 (s), 495 (s), 279 (s).

Complex 7. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Pr₂Imt)₂].2 NO₃: M. p. 132-134° C., Yieldwas: 0.210 g, 58%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 29.79%, H: 5.83%, N:15.44, S: 8.84%, Found: C: 29.89%, H: 5.87%, N: 15.27%, S: 8.58%]. IR:ν_(max)=1106 (s), 856 (s), 497 (s), 283 (s).

Complex 8. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(EtDiaz)₂]. 2NO₃: M. p. 92-94° C., Yield was:0.227g, 71%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 22.46%, H: 4.71%, N: 17.48,S: 9.99%, Found: C: 22.25%, H: 4.68%, N: 17.37%, S: 9.78%]. IR:ν_(max)=3448 (s), 1074 (s), 835 (s), 501 (s), 279 (s).

Complex 9. trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Diap)₂]. 2NO₃: M. p. 164-166° C., Yield was:0.191 g 62%. C, H, N, and S % [Calculated C: 19.57%, H: 4.27%, N: 18.26,S: 10.45%, Found: C: 19.72%, H: 4.32%, N: 18.07%, S: 10.33%]. IR:ν_(max)=3270 (s), 1053 (s), 822 (s), 510 (s), 269 (s).

The nitrate derivatives of transplatin were first prepared by additionof two equivalents of AgNO₃ to transplatin. The nitrate species werethen reacted with thione ligands in a 1:2 molar ratio to produce thecomplexes of the general formula, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(L)₂].2NO₃. Theelemental analysis data is consistent with this composition.

Example 2 Spectroscopic Measurements

Elemental analysis of was performed on Perkin Elmer Series 11 (CHNS/O),Analyzer 2400. The solid state FTIR spectra of the ligands and theirplatinum(II) complexes were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FTIR180spectrophotometer or NICOLET 6700 FTIR using KBr pellets over the range4,000-400 cm⁻¹.

The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra in DMSO were carried out on a JEOL JNM-LA 500NMR spectrometer at 500.00 MHz and 125.65 MHz operating frequencyrespectively. The ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded with ¹H broadbanddecoupling at 297 K. The spectral conditions were; 32 K data points,0.963 s acquisition time, 3.2 s pulse delay and a 5.75 μs pulse widthfor ¹H NMR, and 32 K data points, 0.963 s acquisition time, 2.5 s pulsedelay and a 5.12 μs pulse width for ¹³C NMR. The chemical shifts weremeasured relative to Tetramethylsilane (TMS).

Example 3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

The intensity data for Complex 1 and (3) were collected at 173K (−100°C.) on a Stoe Mark II-Image Plate Diffraction System. See Stoe & Cie.X-Area & X-RED32. Stoe & Cie GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. (2009),incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Equipped with atwo-circle goniometer and using MoKα graphite monochromated radiation(λ=0.71073 Å). The structure was solved by direct methods withSHELXS-97. See G. M. Sheldrick. Acta Cryst. A64 (2008)112-122,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The refinement and allfurther calculations were carried with SHELXL-2014. See G. M. Sheldrick.Acta Cryst. C71 (2015) 3-8, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

The N- and C-bound H-atoms were included in calculated positions andtreated as riding atoms with N—H=0.91 Å, C—H=0.99 and 0.98 Å for CH₂ andCH₃ H-atoms, respectively, and with U_(iso)(H)=1.5 U_(eq)(C) for methylH atoms and =1.2 U_(eq) (N or C) for other H atoms. The non-H atoms wererefined anisotropically, using weighted full-matrix least-squares on F².A semi-empirical absorption correction was applied using the MULABSroutine in PLATON. See A. L. Spek. Acta Cryst. D65(2009) 148-155,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A summary of crystaldata and refinement details for Complexes 1 and 3 are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Crystal data and refinement details for crystal structures ofComplexes 1 and 3. Parameter Complex 1 (3) Formula C₆H₁₈N₆PtS₂•2(NO₃)C₁₀H₂₆N₆PtS₂•2(NO₃) Formula weight 557.49 613.60 Crystal size/nun 0.41 ×0.34 × 0.21 0.40 × 0.36 × 0.28 Wavelength/Å 0.71073 0.71073Temperature/K 173 173 Crystal symmetry Monoclinic Monoclinic Space groupP 2₁/n P 2₁/n a/Å 5.4002 (4) 7.0160 (5) b/Å 23.4438 (15) 18.6235 (10)c/Å 6.6485 (5) 8.0794 (6) β/° 105.458 (6) 107.228 (6) V/Å³ 811.26 (10)1008.31 (12) Z 2 2 ρ _(calc)/Mgm⁻³ 2.282 2.021 μ(Mo—Kα)/mm⁻¹ 8.95 7.21F(000) 536 600 θ value(°) θ_(max) = 25.6, θ_(min) = 1.7 θ_(max) = 25.7,θ_(min) = 2.2 No. measured, 10466, 1532, 1332 13070, 1900, 1550independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections R_(int) 0.087 0.046R[F² > 2σ(F²)], 0.023, 0.050, 1.04 0.015, 0.035, 0.98 wR(F²), S T_(min),T_(max) 0.297, 1.000 0.402, 1.000 Largest diff. peak, 0.99, −1.86 0.76,−0.75 hole/Å⁻³

The molecular structures of Complexes 1 and 3 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2respectively. The selected geometrical parameters are given in Table 3.The structure of both complexes consists of a complex cation,[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂]²⁺ in Complex 1 or [Pt(NH₃)₂(Me₂Imt)₂]²⁺ in (2) and twonitrate ions. In the complex ions, Pt(II) atom is bound to two sulfuratoms of thione ligands and two N atoms of ammonia in a trans fashion.The platinum atom is located on the inversion center and adoptsessentially a square-planar environment lying exactly within the planedefined by the two S and two N atoms. The cis angles around platinumvary between 87.50 (9°) and 92.50 (9°) in Complex 1, while in Complex 2they are 88.52 (7)^(°) and 91.48 (7)^(°). The trans angles in both are180°. The Pt—N and Pt—S bond distances are 2.046 (3) and 2.3260 (9)

in Complex 1 and, 2.054 (2) and 2.3199 (7)

in Complex 2. These bond distance values are very close with the averagebond distance values reported for similar complexes. See A. Z. A.Mustafa, et al., Inorg. Chem. Commu. 44 (2014) 159-163; A. Z. A.

Mustafa, et al., J. Coord. Chem. 68 (2015) 3511-3524; J. Lin, et al., J.Coord. Chem 61 (2008) 2457-2469; and M. E O'Neill, et al., (1982) InorgChim Acta 66: 79-84, each incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

The complex cations, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Thione)₂]²⁺ and nitrate anions areassociated to each other through formation of hydrogen bonds. In thecrystal packing of complexes, the molecules are H-bonded via N—H ofammonia or C—H hydrogen of Imt and oxygen atoms of nitrate ion. InComplex 1, N—H hydrogen of Imt and in Complex 3, nitrogen atoms of NO₃ ⁻are also involved in hydrogen bonding. The nitrate anion nitrogen showsthe weakest contact. The hydrogen bonding interactions result in theformation of three-dimensional hydrogen bonded network as shown in FIGS.3 and 4 for Complex 1 and Complex 3 respectively.

TABLE 2 Selected bond distances (Å) and bond angles (°) for 1 and 3 BondDistance Bond angles Complex 1 Pt1—N3 2.046 (3) N3—Pt1—S1  92.50 (9)Pt1—S1 2.3260 (9) N3^(i)—Pt1—S1  87.50 (9) N3^(i)—Pt1—N3 180S1—Pt1—S1^(i) 180 Complex 3 Pt1—N3 2.054 (2) N3—Pt1—S1  88.52 (7) Pt1—S12.3199 (7) N3^(i)—Pt1—S1  91.48 (7) N3^(i)—Pt1—N3 180 S1—Pt1—S1^(i) 180Symmetry codes: for 1, (i) −x, −y, −z + 1; for 3, (i) −x + 1, −y, −z +1.

The crystal structures of two complexes revealed a distorted squareplanar geometry around platinum and the spectroscopic andcrystallographic data strongly suggest that the thione ligands arecoordinated to the Pt(II) center through the sulfur atom.

CCDC deposit numbers 1545440 and 1545441 refer to Complex 1 and Complex3 respectively. Crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic formatis incorporated by reference and can be obtained free of charge viawww.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif, by e-mailingdata_request@ccdc.cam.ac.uk, or by contacting the CambridgeCrystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax:+44(0)1223-336033.

Example 4 IR Spectroscopy

Selected IR frequencies of free thiones and their platinum(H) compoundsare given in synthesis section. The characteristic vibrational bands inthe IR spectra of thione complexes, are usually observed in threefrequency regions; ν(C═S) vibration around 1200 and 600 cm⁻¹, the N—Hstretching near 3200 cm⁻¹ and M-sulfur stretching band below 400 cm⁻¹.The presence of ν(N—H) and ν(C═S) bands in all complexes proves that thethione ligands are coordinated to the metal atom. The spectra of freeligands display a band around 600 cm⁻¹ as well as 1200 cm⁻¹ that belongto ν(C═S) stretching. See S. Ahmad, et al., Can. J. Chem. 80 (2002)1279-1284; A. A. Isab, et al., Polyhedron. 21 (2002) 1267-1271; and B.P. Kennedy et al., Can. J. Chem. 50 (1972) 3488-3507, each incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety. These bands shifted toward lowerwave number upon complexation, while the N—H stretching vibrationsshifted to higher frequency indicating the coordination of thionesthrough sulfur atom. In order to investigate the metal-sulfur stretchingfrequencies of the synthesized complexes, the spectra were recorded infar-infrared region below 400 cm⁻¹. This band lies in the range of about300 cm⁻¹ for the transition-metal complexes according to the literature.See D. M. Adam et al., J. Chem. Soc. (1967) 884-889, incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In all complexes, we observed a sharp peakaround 280 cm⁻¹ that was assigned to platinum-sulfur bond. A sharp bandaround 825 cm⁻¹ for all trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(L)₂].2NO₃ complexes and itsabsence in the free ligand spectra is attributed to the presence ofnon-coordinated nitrate ion.

Example 5 ¹H and ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

The ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts of the ligands and their platinum(II)complexes in DMSO-d₆ are given in Tables 5 and 6 respectively. In ¹H NMRspectra of the complexes, the N—H signal of thiones became less intenseupon coordination and shifted downfield from their positions in freeligands. The deshielding is related to an increase in u electron densityin the C—N bond upon coordination.

TABLE 3 ¹H NMR chemical shifts (ppm) of thiones and their Pt(II)complexes in DMSO Species N—H H-4 H-5 H-6 H-7/N—C3 N—C1 N—C2 Imt 7.90 s,4H, 3.59 s, 4H, 3.59 — — — — 1 9.09 s, 4H, 3.69 s, 4H, 3.69 — — — —MeImt 7.93 t, 2H, 3.63 t, 2H, 3.43 — — s, 3H, 2.92 — 2 8.47 t, 2H, 3.71t, 2H, 3.56 — — s, 3H, 2.96 — Me₂Imt — s, 4H, 3.48 s, 4H, 3.48 — — s,6H, 2.91 — 3 — s, 4H, 3.65 s, 4H, 3.65 — — s, 6H, 3.29 — Et₂Imt — s, 4H,3.48 s, 4H, 3.48 — — q, 4H, 3.37 t, 6H, 0.97 4 — s, 4H, 3.53 s, 4H, 3.53— — q, 4H, 3.48 t, 6H, 1.12 PrImt 7.99 t, 2H, 3.58 t, 2H, 3.41 — t, 3H,0.73 t, 2H, 3.31 m, 2H, 1.45 5 8.81 t, 2H, 3.76 t, 2H, 3.62 — t, 3H,0.79 t, 2H, 3.35 m, 2H, 1.55 iPrImt 7.96 t, 2H, 3.53 t, 2H, 3.38 — — m,1H, 4.35 d, 6H, 1.00 6 8.31 t, 2H, 3.70 t, 2H, 3.54 — — m, 1H, 4.25 d,6H, 1.07 iPr₂Imt — s, 4H, 3.22 s, 4H, 3.22 — — m, 1H, 4.48 d, 6H, 0.99 7— s, 4H, 3.49 s, 4H, 3.49 — — m, 1H, 5.10 d, 6H, 1.05 EtDiaz 7.89 t, 2H,3.62 m, 2H, 1.83 t, 2H, 3.28 — q, 2H, 3.12 t, 3H, 1.02 8 8.65 t, 2H,3.59 m, 2H, 1.84 t, 2H, 3.33 — q, 2H, 3.21 t, 3H, 1.09 Diap 7.70 t, 4H,1.67 t, 4H, 3.18 t, 4H, 3.18 t, 4H, 1.67 — — 9 8.70 t, 4H, 1.70 t, 4H,3.24 t, 4H, 3.24 t, 4H, 1.70 — — s: singlet, d: doublet, t: triplet, q:quartet, m: multiplet.

In ¹³C NMR, the C═S resonance of thiones in the complexes is shiftedupfield by about 5.5-13.6 ppm as compared to that in free ligands inaccordance with the data observed for other complexes of d¹⁰ metals withthiones. The upfield shift is attributed to the lowering of C═S bondorder upon coordination and a shift of N→C electron density, producing apartial double bond character in the C—N bond. As the shift differenceof the C═S resonance may be related to the strength of metal-sulfurbond, Table 6 shows that the Me₂Imt complex would be the most stableamong these complexes. A small deshielding effect is observed in othercarbon atoms, which is due to an increase in x character of the C—Nbond.

TABLE 4 ¹³C NMR chemical shifts (ppm) of the ligands and their Pt(II)complexes in DMSO Species C-2 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 N—C1 N—C2, N—C3 Imt 182.1145.38 45.38 — — — — 1 175.74 45.76 45.76 — — — — MeImt 181.38 42.0051.82 — — 34.35 — 2 174.90 42.76 52.65 — — 34.02 — Me₂Imt 180.46 48.7748.77 — — 34.91 — 3 166.89 50.29 50.29 — — 36.07 — Et₂Imt 178.74 46.1346.13 — 42.69 11.92 4 170.96 47.33 47.33 — — 43.79 12.11 PrImt 180.8749.14 48.86 42.11 20.65, 11.09 5 174.50 50.10 49.10 42.82 20.53, 10.95iPrImt 179.70 43.73 42.21 — — 48.18 19.24 6 174.17 44.65 42.71 48.7819.18 iPr₂Imt 174.05  1.52 41.52 — — 48.25 19.10 7 169.42 42.30 42.3049.68 19.26 EtDiaz 173.26 46.48 20.83 41.04 49.41 12.33 8 167.43 47.3220.27 41.09 49.67 12.19 Diap 183.99 45.86 26.99 26.99 45.86 — — 9 176.5346.35 26.51 26.51 46.35 — —

Example 6 In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity Against AS549, MCF7 and HTC15Human Cancer Cell Lines

The trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(thione)₂].2NO₃ complexes were evaluated for in vitrocytotoxic activity against A549 (human lung cancer), MCF-7 (human breastcancer) and HTC15 (human colon cancer) cell lines. The cells were seededat 4×10³ cells/well in 100 μL DMEM containing 10% FBS in 96-wells tissueculture plate and incubated for 72 h at 37° C., 5% CO₂ in air and 90%relative humidity in CO₂ incubator. After incubation, 100 μL of eachsample solution (50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 μM), prepared in DMEM, were addedto cells and the cultures were incubated for 24 h. The medium of wellswas discarded and 100 μL DMEM containing MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) (5 mg/mL)was added to the wells and incubated in CO₂ incubator at 37° C. in darkfor 4 h. After incubation, purple colored formazan (artificialchromogenic dye, product of the reduction of water insoluble tetrazoliumsalts e.g., MMT by dehydrogenases and reductases) in the cells isproduced and appeared as dark crystals in the bottom of the wells. Theresultant crystals were solublized by adding 100 μL of DMSO in eachwell. The solution was thoroughly mixed to dissolve the formazancrystals, producing a purple solution. The absorbance of the 96-wellsplate was taken at 570 nm with Labsystems Multiskan EX-Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (EX-ELISA) reader against a reagent blank. The IC₅₀values were calculated from three independent experiments by generatingan equation of logarithmic trend line of percentage cell viabilityagainst concentration of compounds in Microsoft excel.

The exposure of the cells to an increase in concentration of thecomplexes resulted in a dose dependent cytotoxic effect. This cytotoxiceffect was obtained by the stipulated increase in the concentration ofthe complexes, cisplatin and carboplatin against the fixed number ofhuman cancer cells. The survival of the cells (A549, MCF7 and HCTIS5) asa function of concentration of compounds Complex 1-Complex 9 isexplained in FIGS. 5-7. The IC₅₀ values shown in Table 7 were obtainedfrom the curves of the concentration of the complexes and percentageviability of the cells.

The IC₅₀ values of the complexes for A549 cell line range between 40 to75 μM. Complexes 2 and 5 have in vitro cytotoxicity better thancisplatin with IC₅₀ values 40 and 41 μM respectively, and almosttwo-fold better than that of carboplatin. Complexes 1, 6, 8 and 9 havein vitro cytotoxicity slightly lower than cisplatin but still higherthan carboplatin. Complexes 3 and 7 have the same cytotoxicity ascarboplatin.

The IC₅₀ values of the complexes for the MCF7 cell line range arebetween 45 and 92 μM as shown by Table 4. Only the Complexes 5 and 8were found to have cytotoxicity against the MCF7 cell line betweencisplatin and carboplatin. While the others displayed poorantiproliferative potency as indicated by their higher IC₅₀ values.

Against HCTIS5 cell line, the Complexes 2, 5, 8 and 9 have activitycomparable to cisplatin with IC₅₀ values 40, 36, 43, and 41 μMrespectively. The Complex 1 and Complex 7 have almost the samecytotoxicity as carboplatin, while Complexes 3, 4 and 6 are less potenteven than carboplatin.

These results are consistent with a significant selective cytotoxicityof the complexes against particular cancer cell lines and its tendencyto undergo ligand exchange with biomolecules like proteins and DNA.

TABLE 5 IC₅₀ Values (in μM) of Pt(II) compounds against three humantumor cell lines Compounds A549 MCF7 HCT15 Cisplatin 42 ± 2 23 ± 3 32 ±2 Carboplatin 70 ± 2 63 ± 2 53 ± 2 1 52 ± 2 80 ± 1 50 ± 1 2 40 ± 1 70 ±2 40 ± 2 3 70 ± 1 92 ± 2 69 ± 2 4 75 ± 1 89 ± 1 63 ± 1 5 41 ± 2 45 ± 136 ± 1 6 66 ± 1 86 ± 2 79 ± 1 7 69 ± 1 87 ± 2 53 ± 1 8 48 ± 1 60 ± 2 43± 1 9 49 ± 1 69 ± 1 41 ± 2

The experimental results are presented as the micro-mole concentrationof 50% cell growth inhibition (IC₅₀) of each drug. The MTT assay wasperformed in three independent experiments, each in triplicate. Thecancer cell lines used are A549 (human lung cancer), MCF-7 (human breastcancer) and HTC15 (human colon cancer) cell lines. Errors are standarddeviations determined from at least three independent experiments.

As apparent from the Examples, transplatin-based Complexes 1-9 with thegeneral formulae, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Thione)₂].2NO₃ can be successfullysynthesized and characterized using analytical methods and exhibitcytotoxic activity against at least three different kinds of humancancer cells. The Complexes 2 and 5 exhibited a better cytotoxicityagainst A549 cancer cell line than cisplatin.

Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

The headings (such as “Background” and “Summary”) and sub-headings usedherein are intended only for general organization of topics within thepresent invention, and are not intended to limit the disclosure of thepresent invention or any aspect thereof. In particular, subject matterdisclosed in the “Background” may include novel technology and may notconstitute a recitation of prior art. Subject matter disclosed in the“Summary” is not an exhaustive or complete disclosure of the entirescope of the technology or any embodiments thereof. Classification ordiscussion of a material within a section of this specification ashaving a particular utility is made for convenience, and no inferenceshould be drawn that the material must necessarily or solely function inaccordance with its classification herein when it is used in any givencomposition.

As used herein, the words “a” and “an” and the like carry the meaning of“one or more” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Within the description of this disclosure, where a numerical limit orrange is stated, the endpoints are included unless stated otherwise.Also, all values and subranges within a numerical limit or range arespecifically included as if explicitly written out. For example, a rangeof 0 to 10 wt % includes 0. 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 9.75, 9.99, <10, and 10.

The terms “including”, “such as”, “for example” and the like notintended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. They generallyrefer to one or more elements falling with a class or genus of othersimilar elements.

It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or“comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence ofstated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but donot preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features,steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as“/”.

Links are disabled by insertion of a space or underlined space into alink, for example, before “www” or after “//” and may be reactivated byremoval of the space.

As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in theexamples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may beread as if prefaced by the word “substantially”, “about” or“approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase“about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/orposition to indicate that the value and/or position described is withina reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, anumeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (orrange of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2%of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (orrange of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values),+/−15% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−20% of the statedvalue (or range of values), etc. Any numerical range recited herein isintended to include all subranges subsumed therein.

Disclosure of values and ranges of values for specific parameters (suchas temperatures, molecular weights, weight percentages, etc.) are notexclusive of other values and ranges of values useful herein. It isenvisioned that two or more specific exemplified values for a givenparameter may define endpoints for a range of values that may be claimedfor the parameter. For example, if Parameter X is exemplified herein tohave value A and also exemplified to have value Z, it is envisioned thatparameter X may have a range of values from about A to about Z.

Similarly, it is envisioned that disclosure of two or more ranges ofvalues for a parameter (whether such ranges are nested, overlapping ordistinct) subsume all possible combination of ranges for the value thatmight be claimed using endpoints of the disclosed ranges. For example,if parameter X is exemplified herein to have values in the range of 1-10it is also envisioned that Parameter X may have other ranges of valuesincluding 1-9, 2-9, 3-8, 1-8, 1-3, 1-2, 2-10, 2.5-7.8, 2-8, 2-3, 3-10,and 3-9, as mere examples.

As used herein, the words “preferred” and “preferably” refer toembodiments of the technology that afford certain benefits, undercertain circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred,under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation ofone or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodimentsare not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments fromthe scope of the technology. As referred to herein, all compositionalpercentages are by weight of the total composition, unless otherwisespecified. As used herein, the word “include,” and its variants, isintended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list isnot to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in thematerials, compositions, devices, and methods of this technology.Similarly, the terms “can” and “may” and their variants are intended tobe non-limiting, such that recitation that an embodiment can or maycomprise certain elements or features does not exclude other embodimentsof the present invention that do not contain those elements or features.

Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describevarious features/elements (including steps), these features/elementsshould not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicatesotherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/elementfrom another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussedbelow could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a secondfeature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/elementwithout departing from the teachings of the present invention.

The description and specific examples, while indicating embodiments ofthe technology, are intended for purposes of illustration only and arenot intended to limit the scope of the technology. Moreover, recitationof multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended toexclude other embodiments having additional features, or otherembodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features.Specific examples are provided for illustrative purposes of how to makeand use the compositions and methods of this technology and, unlessexplicitly stated otherwise, are not intended to be a representationthat given embodiments of this technology have, or have not, been madeor tested.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the sameextent as if each individual publication or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference,especially referenced is disclosure appearing in the same sentence,paragraph, page or section of the specification in which theincorporation by reference appears.

The citation of references herein does not constitute an admission thatthose references are prior art or have any relevance to thepatentability of the technology disclosed herein. Any discussion of thecontent of references cited is intended merely to provide a generalsummary of assertions made by the authors of the references, and doesnot constitute an admission as to the accuracy of the content of suchreferences.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for inhibiting cell growth orproliferation, comprising: administering a chemotheraputic treatment toa subject having breast or lung cancer, contacting a neoplasticeukaryotic cell of the subject with a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a platinum(II) thione complex represented by Formula (1):

wherein R¹ and R² are each, independently, a hydrogen or a C₁-C₃ alkylgroup, a is 1, 2 or 3; and X is nitrate, fluoride, chloride, bromide,iodide, or acetate.
 2. The method of claim 1 that comprisesadministering, to the subject, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Imt)₂].2NO₃ (Complex 1),trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(MeImt)₂]. 2NO₃ (Complex 2), trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Me₂Imt)₂].2NO₃ (Complex 3), trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Et₂Imt)₂]. 2NO₃ (Complex 4),trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(PrImt)₂]. 2NO₃ (Complex 5), trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(iPrImt)₂].2NO₃ (Complex 6), or trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(iPr₂Imt)₂].2 NO₃ (Complex 7). 3.The method of claim 1 that comprises administering, to the subject,trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(EtDiaz)₂]. 2NO₃ (Complex 8).
 4. The method of claim 1that comprises administering, to the subject, trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂(Diap)₂].2NO₃(Complex 9).
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the platinum(II)thione complex is administered, to the subject, parenterally.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition isadministered, to the subject, intravenously.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the platinum(II) thione complex is administered, to the subject,into a tumor or into a site infiltrated by cancer cells.